Who Scout Understands in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

"You neer really go through a person until you consider things from his situation of view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it."Who are the people reconnoiter comes to understand as a result of following Atticus advice?To Kill a MockingbirdTo Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, explores different themes and contains many important lessons. One of these lessons is empathy and understanding which is introduced to the main character through Atticus Finch who says "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it." By following Atticus advice, Scout begins to understand many different characters such as her brother Jem, Miss Caroline Fisher and Arthur Boo Radley. Upon passing to school for the first time, Scout has a fewer misunderstandings with her teacher Miss Caroline Fisher. Instead of going back to school and facing the problem, Scout would rather hide from it and not return to school again. ... and she describe you taught me all wrong, so we cant ever read any more, ever. Please dont send me back, please sir... (pg. 33) Atticus response was to tell Scout that running away from the problem is not an option. He then gives her some helpful advice... if you can learn a simple trick, Scout, youll agitate on better with all kinds of folks... consider things from his point of view climb into his skin(pg, 33). By now looking at the days events with a different view, Scout begins to understand that Miss Caroline Fisher really didnt mean any harm in any of the things she did. ...but if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes, wed make seen it was an honest mistake on her part. We could not expect her to learn all Maycombs ways in one day, and we could not hold her responsible when she knew no better. (pg. 33) This proves that this flip of advice from her father is very useful, and she used it again the next time there was a misun derstanding, this time with her brother Jem. After Jems traumatic experience of going back to the Radley house, alone at two oclock in the morning he stayed silent and moody for a week. Rather than trying to get Jem to talk to her, or play with her, Scout uses the advice that Atticus gave her.

Can virtue be taught? Essay -- essays research papers

lthough todays society includes much technology and new things are supposedly being discovered every day, many age old questions slake remain unanswered questions such as "Can merit be taught?" This question is examined in detail throughout Platos Meno, and although the play leaves the question as to what right is unanswered, Socrates attempts an answer to Menos question. Although he is not particularly keen on answering whether celibacy can be taught without first having a complete understanding of what virtue is, he attempts to please Meno by solving this in the way that geometers conduct their investigations, through a hypothesis. Socrates states that if indeed virtue can be taught then peerless thing will happen, and if it cannot a different thing will happen. In the end of the play, the conclusion is reached that virtue is a gift from the gods. Now the question must(prenominal) be asked how was this conclusion reached in relationship to Socrates previous hypothesi s?It is thought by Meno that men cannot be taught anything precisely knowledge, therefore, virtue must be a kind of knowledge in order to be taught. This corresponds with the hypothesis because the conclusion can be reached that, if virtue is knowledge then it can be taught, but if it is not knowledge then it is impossible to teach. However, this leads to a new question that must be answered before a conclusion can be reached is virtue knowledge? It is later stated that, if knowledge includes all aspects of realit...

Gender Roles, Stereotyping and Gender Bias Essay -- Sexism and Gender

Gender affects every aspect of our life, from how we encounter about ourselves and set our goals in educational, recreational and work opportunities as well as the the nature and extent of our participation in social and civic life. It has a strong impact on the way we practice our religion, the way we dress, the way we read our feelings and the nature of all of our relationships with others. This paper explores various facets of sex roles in order to understand this topic such as what role males and females are expected to looseness in todays society, how gender roles are decided, affected and exaggerated by stereotyping. Futhermore, this paper will draw attention towards how stereotyping leads to gender biases. What is Gender ? Gender means those characteristics which defines or explains if someone is manlike or feminine according to their behavioural differences, for example how they dress or act towards others, the kinds of work they do and their status in society. G ender is not the charge up we are born with, Sex refers to all the physical attributes separating women and men according to the biological differences or in other words Sex is the biological make up of a gentle being , whereas gender refers to the cultural attributes derived from sex differences. For exampel some children who are male by birth means having male parts but feel like female.They are just physically males with female characteristics and behave like feminine.This gives them new identity which is known as how they feel more anin accordance with the gender they have and that gives them new gender identity .There are two major genders Masculine and Feminine.Gender roles are in fact just those ideas and which are implemen... ...s appear. neuter begins at home. As quoted by Dr.Phill Change can come in either of two important ways Start behaving positively or cede behaving negatively Parents need to give chance to their children to live their lives free from the f etters of gender bias and stereotyping As they say, Great oaks grow from little acorns Conclusion Sex is the organizer of human society.This is filtered culturally through gender roles which have an impact our lives. Gender role stereotyping is one of the most consistent ways in which adults and particularly parents play a significant part in socialization of a child. Parents have to learn to adopt an androgynous attitude towards while bring up their children. Eradicate the gender biases and implement adequate egalitarianism.Every clould has a silver lining Every man is the architect of his own fortune

Space and Power: An Analysis of the DC Riots :: Free Essays Online

Space and Power An Analysis of the DC Riots Federal Communications Commissioner Nicholas Johnson has stated, A riot is somebody talking. A riot is a man holler out, Listen to me mister. There is something Ive been trying to tell you and youre non listening. (Gilbert ix). During the 1960s the Civil Rights Movement made a transition from an allegiance to the ideology of nonviolence to one of nigrify power and self-defense. After the death of Martin Luther King Jr., waves of disorder spread through the African American sections of more than 120 cities crossways the nation however, the heaviest damage was done in the nations capitol of capital letter D.C. (Gilbert 15-16). I am arguing that the cause of the riots was white people who antagonized and aggravated African Americans to an unbearable point. African Americans turned to militancy in hopes that it would bring some attention to the problems they were facing. During this time period, radical militant black power leaders in add ition traveled to Africa and other third world countries to call for revolutions. The conditions of the cities where many of the uprisings occurred were deteriorating. Research has shown that blacks faced discrimination in employment, education, housing, and in matters dealing with the police. According to Joseph R. Brandt, a black minister during the 1960s, In nearly every way, the gap between black people and whites has widened, rather than narrowed (Barndt 17). An article published in 1969 in the Washington Post stated, Today the Negro wage earner makes 53 percent of his white brothers salary, while in 1953, the figures were 59 percent. The African Americans of Washington, D.C. did not only making very little progress, they had actually gone backwards. Black people compromised more than one-half of the population of Washington, D.C. but they had less than one-eighth of the straighten out jobs in the metropolis (Are D.C.).Compared to a white person, an African-American had only a one-forth chance of getting a job (Boesel 312). In 1969, employees of the General go Administration charged their employer with systematic racial discrimination in its staffing, promotion and training practices (Honsa). Segregation could also be found in real soil and housing. The refusal of many institutions to grant a housing mortgage loan to black people was a definite factor in keeping some of the areas of the city segregated (Asher, F10). In 1964 complaints were filed against ten Washington real estate firms that showed different lists of available apartments to blacks than they did to whites (Core).

An Investigation of Postpartum Depression Essay -- Biology Essays Rese

An Investigation of Postpartum DepressionMissing Works CitedThe recent Andrea Yates murder trial brought a firestorm of controversy as the issue of postpartum depression (PPD) became a debated topic throughout the country. Did Andrea truly suffer from psychosis as she drowned her five children in the bathtub or was such defense a aim to avoid the death reprove? Prosecutors suggested the spousal-revenge theory as a motive for the killings. Could she wee-wee committed murder to get back at a possessive and domineering husband? (1). The outcome of the trial was by no means exceptional as it was a murder case, which resulted in a life sentence conviction. It did however, create awareness within the medical field and mainstream public about the historical connection between pregnancy and psychiatrical illness. Unfortunately such communication also brought long standing misconstrued notions which must be eradicated. Mental illness has been a reality not only for Yates but for million s of women throughout the country. Depression tends to be one of the most prevalent consequences of childbearing as 50% of new mothers report slight bouts of depression, 10% have manic depression and .2% suffer from psychosis(2). Yonkers et. al, boost investigated postpartum depression rates for minority women in comparison to their Caucasian counterparts. After conducting a postpartum three trial screening which included the coordinate Clinical Interview, it was found that depression rates for Latino, Blacks and White racial groups was between 6.5% to 8.5% (3). Regardless of race, all groups of women were susceptible to similar rates of PPD at 3-5 weeks postpartum. Other studies have found that depressive disorders begin even before giving birth... ...s the need for changes in the current drive thru system of childbirth. Hospital stays have been reduced as new mothers are quickly sent home without medical resources at their disposal(8). The Andrea Yates trial was significant in that it raised awareness of mental illness down the stairs a media firestorm. It made the American public aware of the potential actions such illness can cause a person to do. Dialogue, however, is not a ample means in which to properly target and treat PPD. The medical establishment must ensure prevention through mental health screenings and subsequent psychiatric check-ups for new mothers. Through educational campaigns, awareness must be brought to the masses so that the stigma attached to mental illness be eradicated. Hopefully, people go forth seek proper treatment as there are millions suffering with depression in isolation and silence.

An Investigation of Postpartum Depression Essay -- Biology Essays Rese

An Investigation of Postpartum DepressionMissing Works CitedThe recent Andrea Yates murder examination brought a firestorm of list as the issue of postpartum depression (PPD) became a debated topic throughout the country. Did Andrea truly suffer from psychosis as she drowned her five children in the bathtub or was much(prenominal) defense a scheme to avoid the death sentence? Prosecutors suggested the spousal-revenge theory as a motive for the killings. Could she have committed murder to get subscribe at a possessive and domineering husband? (1). The outcome of the trial was by no means exceptional as it was a murder case, which resulted in a life sentence conviction. It did however, create sensation within the medical field and mainstream public about the historical connection between pregnancy and psychiatrical unwellness. Unfortunately such dialogue also brought long standing misconstrued notions which must be eradicated. Mental illness has been a reality not only for Yates except for millions of women throughout the country. Depression tends to be one of the most prevalent consequences of childbearing as 50% of new mothers report slight bouts of depression, 10% have phrenetic depression and .2% suffer from psychosis(2). Yonkers et. al, further investigated postpartum depression place for minority women in comparison to their Caucasian counterparts. After conducting a postpartum three trial screening which included the Structured Clinical Interview, it was found that depression rates for Latino, Blacks and White racial groups was between 6.5% to 8.5% (3). Regardless of race, all groups of women were susceptible to similar rates of PPD at 3-5 weeks postpartum. Other studies have found that depressive disorders begin even before giving birth... ...s the need for changes in the current drive thru system of childbirth. Hospital be have been reduced as new mothers are quickly sent home without medical resources at their disposal(8). The Andrea Yates tr ial was significant in that it raised awareness of mental illness under a media firestorm. It made the American public aware of the potential actions such illness can cause a someone to do. Dialogue, however, is not a sufficient means in which to properly target and treat PPD. The medical establishment must ensure prevention through mental health screenings and subsequent psychiatric check-ups for new mothers. Through educational campaigns, awareness must be brought to the masses so that the stigma attached to mental illness be eradicated. Hopefully, people will seek proper treatment as there are millions suffering with depression in isolation and silence.

Alike or Different Essay

We outhouse try and change ourselves, by changing our appearance, putting on makeup, exhausting different clothes, jewellery, etc. But its not scantily a case of appearance, exactly it also involves the person underneath that mask everyone tries to hide behind. nobody has ever tried to look at the person underneath before judging them. Its just ego that stands in the way. What give the result be when pile are stripped of all their accessories, when that mask is removed? What we get is a rollercoaster of emotions. Things that tidy sum can never guess are hidden underneath.And thats yet another similarity, which makes mistaken judgment also put into account. Feelings are also something to look at. For example, people do get happy, angry and sad in different situations, but everyone still gets those emotions at times, regardless of reason. And everyone goes through the same life cycle, how theyre born, turn to children, then the teenage, middle aging comes after, then universe old, and finally death. Everyone will face death someday. And everyone is made by God, and made of the same materials, as some believe.Everyone eats and breathes, everyone has the five senses, nobody can follow with kayoed a vital organ, and no one can nonplus supernatural powers. And these are all similarities. * A lot more people dont believe in that saying, they believe that people differ in a lot of things, and the things that they have in common with others can be looked at from a different angle, making them into another difference. For example, everyone is a human being, but everyone is a different kind of human being, depending on personality, looks, and abilities.And the fact that everyone has a dream that is to be fulfilled can also be a difference, like everyone has a different dream and a different goal for the future. As for the life, everyone does have a life, but it depends on how they live it, and how everyone functions it that makes a difference. Besides, some p eople are born to have the personality to be good leaders, and others have the power and will to work hard in what theyre good at, while others dont treasure their abilities, and instead they use it for their own good, to get the better out of things, while they cause hurt to everyone else around them.Thats an example of being and not being able to be a useful person, to not use life wisely, and another way why people are different. Some believe that people differ in how they look (both on the outside and the inside), how they answer to things around them, their personality, beliefs, ethics and religions. What can also count as a difference is how everyone is raised, what theyre taught to believe, where and when they were born and who they lived with.People often adopt habits from those they live with, which can sometimes be good, and sometimes be bad. That can make a lot of differences compared to someone who was born rich, lived rich, and died rich. Another way of looking at thin gs is peoples appearance. Some people really care about how they look, and always try to look their best at times. Some wouldnt give that athletic field a second thought. Some do care, but not so much. And thats related to both personality and physical appearance. Language spoken is also a difference.And the fact that some of us can do something that others cant, which comes down to ability. Furthermore sometimes people have disabilities that others dont have. sometimes there are illnesses and diseases that run in families, and some inherit that disease and some dont, which is another difference. If we try and list these differences they will not have an end, and just theorizeing would take long too. So its not a case of what is the same and what can be different, its just how people think about things in their own point of view.So regardless of what there is that can be used as an argument, and however we think the ones who think the opposite are wrong, and no matter which angle we use look at things, it all goes back to opinion, and opinions are very important. And my opinion stays the same, but what about yours? And whats more important is to reason why we look at things from that point of view, and if we really are being fair, or if we are just judging others by what we think of them, and how we think of them. And most importantly, are we really being fair, or do we just think we are?

Dr. patient relationship Essay

For quite a long time doctors become the freedom to interfere and dominate the forbearings desires with the sole objective of avoiding maltreat to the enduring . The emphasis in todays medical exam checkup pattern is individual independence and control and medical paternalism no longer enjoys the indubitable credenza by the society as the dominant approach to purpose making in medicament. But neither is a conclusion-making approach that is based on commanding diligent autonomy a satisfactory wholeness. A more ethical and tested approach is to facilitate a patients autonomy by advocating a medical beneficence that includes patients ideas and perspectives .This nates be accomplished via a fabric for sh bed determination making recognizing the fact that the final finding lies at last with the patients and that it is only through the doctors beneficence that the patient can be empowered to make meaningful and sensible decision that work go around for them. For such a m odel to be efficacious, the return of trust to the doctor patient kin and patient doctor communication are both important. doorway The earn of the patient has been a major preoccupation of the medical profession for a long time.The Hippocratic oat stipulated that the physicians will do their best not to pervert the patient and also to restore the patient to their healthy state. Generations of physicians have sworn to this oat. The perspective of the patients about physician is that of guidance with professional skills, knowledge and training to benefit the patient including making unilateral decision about what constitute benefit to the patient. The situation is in that respectfore comparable to that of a caring father and a pip-squeak and hence the use of the term paternalism. Medical beneficence stood for a long time as the operation mode for doctor patient relationship.Such relationship work well as it represents the essential role of medicine in the society. Since the be ginning of few centuries ago, there has been a shift to the individual away from policy-making and religious authorities. Similar changes are experienced in medicine as orchestrated by difference in the tone of the ethical codes of America medical association (AMA) in the last two centuries. Considering the article II of the 1847AMA ethical code entitled Obligations of the Patients to their Physicians, Section 6 stated that The obedience of a patient to the prescriptions of his physician should be prompt and implicit.He should never permit his own crude opinions as to their fitness, to influence his attention to them. A failure in one particular may render an otherwise judicious treatment perilous, and even fatal. On the contrary AMAs opinion in 1990 on Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician kindred now states a completely different positionThe patient has the right to make decisions regarding the health care that is recommended by his or her physician. Accordingly, patient s may accept or refuse any recommended medical treatment. in todays practice, the principle of autonomy of the patient and self determination has emerged as the dominant ethos In health care, threatening in many instances to totally eclipse the principle of medical beneficence. The simple pendulum has taken such a drastic tilt that, with the exception mayhap of soft feeble paternalism with respect to non-autonomous patients, paternalism is almost always seen in negative light, regardless of its intention and outcome. But medicine is, after all, a human bodily function aimed at healing and restoration of health.The question now is that can medicine therefore continue to serve the patient if cleansed totally of a paternal demand? In an essay written by Tan , validity of medical paternalism was rejected and he debated violently on its redeion. By giving a torrid support for a patient autonomy against excessive expression of beneficience, many of Tans views are nonetheless less than persuasive as it can be invalidated. For instance he gave a real life example of a physician who was said to be unwell singularly on the rationality of noncompliance.This is a rare scenario . Also it is hasty to have declared such patient as incompetent and hence the disqualification from making decisions as there was no legal process which include any preexisting psychopathology and a complete assessment of the cognitive functions which are mandatory to determine the incompetence or otherwise of a patient. another(prenominal) example would be Tans accusation that the move by Singapores Health Ministry to regulate the practice of the traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) was a laughable one .He seems to have omitted the fact that irrespective of the review methodology used, any system of medicine that is seeking acceptance and official acknowledgment in society should be able to make provision for appropriate level of assurance to the in the public eye(predicate) in terms of how saf e its practices are and also the minimal standards of its practitioners. Such thoughts are not what Tan describes asWestern medical criteria, but are rather very basic representative standards demanded by regulatory leaderships to ensure public safety.The choice of Society over which system of medicine it adopts as its mainstream, be it allo- or homeopathic (complementary disease treatment system), empirical or experimental, is hardly a result of paternalism in Western medicine. But Tan however is right in suggesting that there is a need for the western-trained doctor to utilise an open mind to alternative schools of medicine. This can only extend as far as a sincere admission of ignorance and a commitment to critically examine any available evidence.Modesty cannot and should not equate unfounded ratification of and recommendation of therapies for which a doctor is void of understanding or conviction. For that group who vehemently oppose beneficence as the reason and thoification to overrule patients choices, a model advocating triumph of individual freedom and autonomy is advocated. In this approach, which some people call the informative model. Physicians role is relegated to that of a technician who provides patient with information and leaves the patient to decide. The model is assumptuous. It assumes the physician role in patient doctor encounter to be passive.It is sadly simplistic view of the professions essential roles, duties and responsibilities (Adelaja, 2003) avowedly although sadly, some doctors are found guilty of promoting this impression and therefore neglecting the essential humanistic aspect of the practice. Furthermore, physicians who are dreadful of the consequences of not respecting and recognizing the autonomy of the patient have been known to adopt such a model. This can eventually lead to a total neglect and dereliction of their professional responsibilities, with a possible danger of administering therapies that are not medically i ndicated or relevant.By trying to honor autonomy and freedom, physicians merely offer possible options with no professional contribution in addition, and so this informative model is unlikely to serve patients interest. In this kind of system, even non-coercive trial to discuss with patients the advant suppurates and disadvantages of their decisions can be considered a total violation of their rights or freedom when in fact, such efforts sincerely reflect appropriate care and emotional concern for the patients well-being.This model of clinical encounter is therefore unsatisfactory as it can lead to a form of moral and professional neglect by the physician (Pellegrino, 1976,pg37). Another thing is that the model assumes all competent individual being capable of management of their daily affairs and events based on their beliefs and experiences which also include decision making aptitude about their health. Tan in 1978 cited that illness does not have effect on the cognition and the emotion and that patient can therefore make decision about the treatment they receive.We now know that sickness does not affect or lower the rights and morals of a patient(olumuyiwa,2003). However the superpower to make informed decision is affected by the biopsychosocial effect of the illness(Engel,1989). To confirm a person as incompetent there must be demonstrable psychopathology and mental incapacity. Steven wears noted in his works about informed choice in health care that if only for freedom and control ,without mentation well on their own choice, it will be hazardous for patients to exercise autonomy rights and therefore overrule the choice of the doctor.Freedom without moral responsibility is harmful to the goals and objectives of medicine. A soften service could be rendered to patients by minimizing paternalism without so much compromise on the freedom of the patient. Tim further acknowledged though famishly the model to deconstruct or critically analyze paternalism wh en he said that the exercise of autonomy may fulfill patients expressed desire but not necessarily transform into serving the patient best ,if at all .In lims own view, hard paternalism is not prevalent in the medical practice of today and that most people are the so-called grey cases (dismal). He used the word guided paternalism as a model to better serve the patient and the aim is to facilitate and enhance the autonomy of the patient. The approach recognizes patients as having the final say in decision making as they are responsible for whatever outcome of their decision . It however emphasizes the duties of the patient and the professionalism of the medical team.The model is a deliberative one and sees the physician as the tutor who clarifies patients values and help in the processing of possible intervention. A model like this that takes professional guidance into consideration is relevant for the computer age that we live where patients are equipped with medical information go tten from the internet even though the information is raw and invalidated. The model is consistent with what Thomasma and Pellegrino put forward as true benefit.It holds that the doctors assistance in patients decision making should cut across enhancing the patients capacity with respect to the reasoning ability of the patient. There is therefore congruence between autonomy and baneficience. In this deliberative otherwise known as the shared model, there is a need for mutual trust between doctor and the patient Hard or absolute paternalism is no longer popular because of the waning public trust and regard for medicine. The pluralistic society also sees paternalism as unethical and diabolic.The shared model of patient doctor relationship also has a drove of advantages and the patients and doctors should therefore first be educated on the enormity of the problem. Doctor- patient relationship should be a form of partnership. Under the shared model, Patients need to be enlightened on t he importance of a good doctor patient relationship. Time and finance has been a major drawback to shared decision making in health care system. Such problems need to be solved .The communication gap between patients and doctors should be bridged to allow for patient participation in decision making pertaining their health. Patient should learn to be responsible for their healthcare and they should comply with treatment and should not withhold their trust even in the presence of frank medical uncertainty. There is no real need to make an absolute distinction between Paternalism and autonomy and to prefer one over the other (Davehere, 2000). The find behind paternalism is beneficence, seeking for the good of the patient.Autonomy on the other hand is based on the fact that patient are responsible for whatever decision they make and should face the consequence. The best approach therefore is the one that mingles Autonomy with beneficence. By sharing the process of decision making, th e precision and wealth of patients choice can be facilitated by doctors advice. The doctor is not patients messiah . Similarly he is not just a mere technician with education. The doctor is indeed the friend of the patient. The doctor cares for the patient as they voyage towards comfort, cure, deliverance and relief.References Code of Ethics. American Medical Association, 1847. Devettere RJ. Practical decision making in health care ethics Cases and concepts. 2nd Edition. Washington DC Georgetown University Press, 2000 Lim SL. Medical paternalism serves the patient best. S Med J 2002 43(3)143-7 Olamuyiwa, O (2001, pg278). Introduction to Psychiatry, Oxford University Press. Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. The virtues in medical practice. New York Oxford University Press, 1993 Tan NHSS. Deconstructing paternalism what serves the patient best? S Med J 2002 43(3)148-51

Amendments is the Government protections for the imperiled/endangered species Essay

The consequence of these three Amendments is the Government nurseions for the imperiled/endangered species. These aerial, terrestrial, and aquatic creations were (and up to now) cosmos inadequately victorious c ard of and be slowly forgotten their existence. And, if people k refreshed that theyre now endangered, these species are put to these peoples cages and brought home for them to keep. However, getting them from their habitats where they employ to live and multiply more is not that good idea.People cant make them as pets, ornaments/dis romps, or even as food for consumption. They play major rule in this world, they need to survive for humans to survive also. So, these nature-friendly laws were passed to intercourse and implemented to the concern citizens. The be Species human action of 1973 or ESA was designed to value critically imperiled species from extinction as a consequence of economic growth and development untendered by adequate concern and conservation. The stated purpose on this Act is to protect species and also the ecosystems upon which they depend. It encompasses jutts and invertebrates as well as vertebrates. This is administered by two federal agencies, the FWS and the NOAA (which includes the National ocean Fisheries Service NMFS). NOAA handles shipboard soldier species, and the FWS has responsibility over freshwater fish and all other species. Species that occur in both habitats (e. g. sea turtles and Atlantic sturgeon) are jointly managed.Though ESA only protects species which are officially listed as jeopardise or endangered. A species can be listed in two ways. The first is for the FWS or NOAA Fisheries to usurp the initiative and directly list the species. The cooperate is via individual or organizational petition which prompts FWS or NMFS to conduct a scientific review. There are two categories on the list, endangered and threatened. Endangered species are closer to extinction than threatened species. A third statu s is that of candidate species.And by March 2008, after more than seven years of the Bush Administration, 59 additional domestic species had been placed on the endangered list, an annual rate of less than nine per year. Section 11 of the Endangered Species Act describes the violations and penalties that may be enforced under law. The United States Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, or the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating are the bodies of the federal governance responsible for enforcing the provisions of this Act.The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service play the predominant role in law enforcement of the Endangered Species Act. In connection to this, there are diametrical degrees of violation with the law being imposed. The most punishable offense is enforced upon those who knowingly break the law through acts of significationing or exporting, taking, possessing, selling, delivering, carrying, transporting, or merchant nauticalessenti ally trafficking endangered species without permission from the Secretary.Any act of knowingly taking (which includes harming, wounding, or killing) an endangered species is also subject to the same penalty. Recovery plans benefit species as indicated by the fact that the longer species bear recovery plans, the more likely they are to be classified as improving. The benefit, however, appears to be limited to single-species oriented plans swelled multi-species, ecosystem-based plans are not correlated with improving status perhaps due to their lack of specificity.And, as habitat loss is the primary threat to most imperiled species, the true ESA of 1973 allowed the FWS and NOAA Fisheries to designate specific areas as protected critical habitat zones. In 1978, Congress amended the ESA to require designation for all threatened and endangered species move out those which great power be harmed by the publication of such maps. Congress indicated that the exception should rarely be in voked. Also, most provisions of the ESA revolve around preventing extinction. Critical habitat is one of the few that focuses on recovery.Species with critical habitat are twice as likely to be recovering as species without critical habitat. In 1982, Congress amended the ESA to enhance the permitting provisions of the act, (Section 10) and intended, in part, to bequeath landowners with incentives to participate in endangered species conservation. Pursuant to these provisions, by preparing a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) that meets statutory criteria, private landowners can obtain incidental take permits that allows otherwise prohibited impacts to endangered, threatened and other species covered in the permitting documents.On April 3, 2007, 41 species have been delisted cardinal due to recovery, nine due to extinction (seven of which were extinct prior to being listed), nine due to changes in taxonomic classification, five due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting. 7 Twenty-three others have been down listed from endangered to threatened status.Some have argued that the recovery of DDT-threatened species such as the bald eagle, brown pelican and peregrine falcon should be attributed to the 1973 congressional ban on DDT quite an than the Endangered Species Act, however, the listing of these species as endangered was a substantial compositors case of congress instituting the ban and many non-DDT oriented actions were taken on their behalf under the Endangered Species Act (i. e. captive breeding, habitat protection, and protection from disturbance). (Nixon.R (1972).Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program 51. Juliet Eilperin, Since 01, Guarding Species Is Harder Endangered Listings Drop Under Bush, chapiter Post, March 23, 2008). 1973 also saw the creation of the Convention International T rade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This is an International agreement confine supranational commerce in plant and animal species believed to be actually or potencely harmed by trade. The U. S.CITES list includes all species protected by the ESA in addition to species which are vulnerable but not yet threatened or endangered. While it is widely understood that habitat decline is the primary cause of endangerment for most species, trade in species, or separate of species, is a major cause of decline for some groups of animals and plants. This has included spotted cats for their furs, rhinoceros for horn, elephants and walrus for ivory and, more so in recent times, parrots and exotic reptiles for the pet trade, corals and fish for the aquarium trade, and sharks for their fins.Medicinal and ornamental plants are also exploited worldwide, as is tropic timber. Annual trade in wild species worldwide is now estimated to include several hundred million individual animals and plants, and it is a multi-billion dollar industry. Thus the need for CITES is ever more apparent. It also has the distinction, among international conservation agreements, of having the most legal strength behind it, and there is an abundant literature in the fields of law, conservation, international relations and economics about its global impact.To date, well over 30,000 species receive some protection under this landmark agreement, and more are being added on a regular basis. As both a conservation and trade convention, it has more obligations and more detailed enforcement mechanisms than is typical of conservation agreements. When it came into force, the original Parties were most implicated with a rather small subset of species that are or were used in the fashion industry (e. g. , wild cats for fur, crocodilians for leather) or as ornaments (e. g. elephant ivory, wild cattle as trophy heads).Since that time, thousands of species, and in some cases entire taxonom ic groups of species, have been added to the Convention simply because many people in both developed and developing countries have attained higher standards of living and are able to afford things that most could not 30 years ago. (CITES Lead Author Joel Heinen (other articles) Article Topics Ecology, International environmental issues, Environmental law and Conservation biology. Heinen, Joel (Lead Author) Richard Reibstein (Topic Editor). 2007. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). ) The Marine Mammal surety Act (MMPA) of 1972 was reauthorized by the Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 (Public Law 103-238) as signed by President Clinton on April 30, 1994. The agency is responsible for implementing the Marine Mammal Protection Act through fiscal year 1999. This encompasses the most significant amendments that involved establishing a new regime to govern the taking of oceanic mammals incidental to commercial fishing , replacing the Interim Exemption in place since 1988.Three new sections were added to the Act to address commercial fishing the preparation of sway assessments for all shipboard soldier mammal stocks in waters under U. S. jurisdiction development and implementation of take reduction plans for stocks that may be reduced or are being maintained below their optimum sustainable population levels due to interactions with commercial fisheries and studies of pinniped-fishery interactions.Maintaining the original aspirations of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Amendments continue to protect marine mammals, seeking to maintain stocks at, or recover stocks to, and their optimum sustainable population levels. To achieve that goal, protection of essential habitats including rookeries, mating grounds and areas of similar significance is emphasized by including specific habitat language in the bill.Other major changes include a mechanism for authorizing importation of polar bear parts (oth er than internal organs) from Canada (provided the required findings are made) revised permit provisions for public display and scientific research establishment of permits for purposes of photography procedures for authorizing the intentional lethal taking of individually identifiable pinnipeds which are having a significant cast out effect on salmonid fishery stocks eliminated jurisdiction over the care and maintenance of captive marine mammals held for purposes of public display at registered or licensed facilities and authority for providing grants to Alaska Native organizations for the purpose of developing co-management structures for marine mammal stocks taken for subsistence purposes.Enclosed to this, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (National Ocean Policy Study) held hearings on general MMPA issues on July 14 and 28, 1993, prior to the introduction of S. 1636 on November 8, 1993. The Senate Commerce Committee reported S. 1636 with amendments on January 25, 1994. On March 9, 1994, the House Merchant Marine Subcommittee marked up H. R. 2760, including amendments providing for polar bear trophies to be imported from Canada and establishing a process whereby Federal permission might be granted to intentionally kill individually identifiable pinnipeds having a significant negative effect on certain salmonid fishery stocks, without first having to do that the marine mammal stock was within its optimum sustainable population range.Reduction Teams will be effected to develop plans to reduce the incidental mortality and good injury of marine mammals that interact with category I or II fisheries. The short-term goal of the plans is to reduce mortality and serious injury of marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing operations to levels below the affected stocks PBR. The long-term goal of the plans is to reduce the rates of incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals to insignificant levels approaching a zero rate. In addition, to be authorized to take marine mammals, each commercial fishing vessel participating in a fishery with frequent or occasional interaction with marine mammals (category I and II fisheries) must be registered with NMFS.The 1994 Amendments encourage these agencies to take further measures to protect marine mammal rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of similar ecological significance. To expand knowledge and comprehension of the impacts of habitat destruction on marine mammal species and stocks, Regional Scientific Review sort outs, in consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission (MMC), are to be established to advise the NMFS and FWS on actual, expected, or potential impacts of habitat destruction on marine mammal stocks. If habitat destruction is harming a stock defined as strategic, the Regional Scientific Review Group must recommend appropriate conservation or management measures to alleviate the impact.On the Pacific coast, NMFS is to undertake scientific investigations to assess the effects of California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals on endangered and threatened salmonid stocks. In the Gulf of Maine, a pinniped task force is to be established to advise NMFS concerning marine mammal interactions with aquaculture operations. The 1994 Amendments also allow the Secretary of Commerce to authorize the intentional killing of individually identifiable, non-depleted pinnipeds which can be shown to be having a significant negative effect on the decline or recovery of certain salmonid fish stocks listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA, approaching such status, or that migrate through Ballard Locks at Seattle, WA.Intentional killing can only be authorized after a Pinniped-Fishery Interaction Task Force has been established by the Secretary to review the situation, consider previous control efforts, and take public comment and the Task Force has recommended to the Secretary whether to approve or span the proposed kill along with suggestions for nonlethal alternatives and a recommended course of action. For the first time, it is directed to develop and implement research plans to assess the health and stability of ecosystems of which marine mammals are a part. Specific activities include a regional workshop for the Gulf of Maine to assess human-caused factors affecting ecosystem health and stability development of a research plan to monitor the health and stability of the Bering Sea ecosystem and assessment of the impact California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals have on salmonids and ecosystem stability in the coastal ecosystems of Washington, Oregon, and California.Both NMFS and the FWS now have the explicit authority to enter into cooperative agreements with Alaska Native organizations to conserve marine mammals and to provide co-management of subsistence use of Alaska marine mammal stocks by Alaska Natives. Agreements may include grants to Alaska Native organizations for collecting and analyzing data on marine mammal populations, monitoring the harvest of marine mammals for subsistence use, participating in marine mammal research, and developing marine mammal co-management structures with Federal and State agencies. They are to promulgate regulations authorizing bona fide scientific research involving only Level B harassments without a formal permit. Persons must submit specified information to NMFS or FWS at least 60 days prior to beginning research.Also, expedited scientific research permits will be allowed when withstand could cause injury to a marine mammal or loss of unique research opportunities. To add more, new permit procedures are to explicitly provide for educational and commercial photography of marine mammals. And on the 1994 Amendments establish a new mechanisms for authorizing polar bear trophies (other than internal organs) to be imported from Canada, provided the required findings are made. Subsequently, such imports will not be allowed if there is any indicati on, found in a study begun two years after the enactment, that the issuance of import permits by the United States is having a significant adverse effect on Canadian polar bear stocks. (http//www. Eoearth. org/The marine Mammal Protection Act).

Product Market Analysis Essay

In 1873, Adolph Coors and Jacob Schueler, both German immigrants established Golden, Colorado brewery. In 1880, Coors bought appear his partner and became the sole owner of Coors Brewing Company. Today Molson Coors Brewing Company is the third largest brewing company in the United States (Molson Coors, 2013). In 1990, Coors Brewing introduced Coors jolty Mountain bound Water. The product was short lived and was taken go about through the market in 1992 after only two years. There are a hardly a(prenominal) problems with the marketing and advertising of this product. To remarket this product I would start with the use of various types of media communication. Television, radio, magazine, and other social media outlets would be take advantage of. Television and radio commercials entrust be broadcast during sporting event on the major sports net kit and boodle. The focus on the sports and outdoor community get out be the main target. The Coors Company did not target these markets with their product.Magazines advertisements will be added to outdoor and sporting magazines. The product will be advertised on social Medias such as Facebook and Twitter. Facebook also gives the plectron of paying for more advertisement. This can triple the products reach more than 1000 contrary views a day. The advertisement for this product was limited to boob tube and magazines. The problem with the television is that Coors was tried to target their beer drinking customer. The times the commercials were aired were during the same times that beer commercials. The customer base that they were reaching limited the exposure. That seer base is not interested in the Rocky Mountain Spring Water unless is has the rest of the ingredients in it. The big issue that this product has is in the name. Coors Rocky Mountain Spring Water makes you trust of the alcoholic beverages that they are known for.This alone discouraged those who do not drink or those too young to drink. In 1987, the a verage person would consume 4.5 gallons of bottled water per year. That grew in 1997 to 12.7 gallons per person. There an no reason why with that much increase in the consumption of bottled water this product didnot take off (Natural Resource Defense Council, 2013). This product has a simple fix. First, it is important that we change the name of the product. At the least drop the Coors of the name, Rocky Mountain Spring Water. This will still bring in the loyal customers to the Coors product. Any true fan on Coors will remember that Coors is made by Rocky Mountain Spring Water. This will also disassociate the product from the alcoholic beverages. The original product was bottled in glass bottles. This could also hinder the sales of the product. The glass bottles are lowering and harder to store.Change the glass bottles into plastic bottles. This will cut down on the price of the product and make it easier to carrier. The next step would be to us media to get the product out to the public. We need to bring more advertisements to television and radio during sporting events. Advertising online can be done in many different ways. There are ways to reach online customer by e-mail or online advertisements. Facebook, Netflix, and a podcasts offer advertisements during interaction with their services. Online magazines and newspapers also offer advertisements while on the websites. Facebook has more than one billion people who us its services monthly. People spend an average of six hours and 35 proceeding a month. Because of the way Facebook works it has a 94% targeting accuracy.This is highly effective when trying to reach the target market (Facebook, 2013). meshwork radio is a great way to reach people. Internet radio accounts for 23% of the average weekly listening time among consumer between the ages of 13 and 35. 49% of US consumers listen to Internet radio 30 minutes prior to going into a store and the average online listener will listen almost 12 hours a week (Factbrowser, 2013). All these things I suffer listed will help to increase the public awareness for the product. The more the public is aware of the product, the more attention it will receive. In 2012 9.67 billion gallons of bottled water was consumed in the U.S. That was up from the 9.1 billion gallons that was consumed in 2011. Despite the efforts of some activist people are still turning to bottled water, and it is showing in the marketplace.ReferencesFacebook. (2013, Summer). The Power of Facebook Advertising. Retrieved from https//www.facebook.com/business/power-of-advertising Factbrowser. (2013,Fall). look into discovery engine. Retrieved from http//www.factbrowser.com/tags/radio/?page=2 Molson Coors. (2013, November). MolsonCoors. Retrieved from http//www.molsoncoors.com/en/Index.aspx Natural Resource Defense Council. (2013, July 15). Bottled Water. Retrieved from http//www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/chap2.asp

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Six

Are you sure you dont want us to cal your parents, miss? The campus security officers voice was gruff but kind, and his eyes were worried.For a second, Meredith permit herself picture having the kind of parents he must be imagining peerlesss who would swoop in to rescue their daughter, wrap her up and take her home until the horrible images of her friends death faded.Her parents would entirely tel her to get on with the job. Tel her that any other reaction was a failure. If she permit herself be weak, more people would die.More so because Samantha had been a hunter, from a fa knoty of hunters, want Meredith. Meredith knew exactly what her father would sop up said if she had cal ed him. Let this be a lesson to you. You are never safe.Il be okay, she told the security guard. My roommates are upstairs.He let her go, watching her climb the stairs with a distressed expression. Dont worry, miss, he cal ed. The police wil get this guy.Meredith bit back her first reply, which was that he seemed to be putting a lot of faith in a police force that had yet to find any clues as to the whereab forths of the missing people or to solve Christophers murder. He was only trying to comfort her. She nodded to him and gave a little wave.She hadnt been any more successful than the police, not even with Samanthas help. She hadnt been trying voiceless enough, had been too distracted by the new place, the new people.Why now? Meredith wondered suddenly. It hadnt occurred to her before, but this was the first death, attack, or disappearance that took place in a dorm room instead of out on the quad or paths of the campus. Whatever this was, it came after Samantha specifical y.Meredith dream uped the dark figure she chased away after it attacked a girl, a girl who said she didnt remember anything. Meredith recal ed the flash of pale hair as the figure turned away. Did Samantha die because they got too close to the kil er?Her parents were right. No one was ever safe. She necessitat e to work harder, needed to get on with the job and fol ow up on every lead.Upstairs, Bonnies bed was empty. Elena looked up from where she was lying, curled up on her bed. Part of Meredith notable that Elenas face was wet with tears and knew that usual y she would have dropped everything to comfort her friend, but now she had to focus on finding Samanthas kil er.Meredith crossed to her own closet, subject it, and pul ed out a heavy color satchel and the case for her hunters stave.Wheres Bonnie? she asked, tossing the satchel onto her bed and unbuckling it.She left before I got up, Elena answered, her voice shaky. I think she had a study group this morning.Meredith, whats going on?Meredith flipped the satchel open and began to pul out her knives and throwing stars.Whats going on? Elena asked again, more insistently, her eyes wide.Samanthas dead, Meredith said, testing the edge of a knife against her thumb. She was slay in her bed by whatevers been stalking this campus, and we ne ed to stop it. The knife could be sharper Meredith had been letting her weapons maintenance slide and she dug in the sweetheart for a whetstone.What? Elena said. Oh, no, oh, Meredith, Im so sorry. Tears began to tie down her face again, and Meredith looked over at her, holding out the bag with the stave in it.Theres a smal black box in my desk with little bottles of different poison extracts inside it, she said. Wolfsbane, vervain, snake venoms. We dont know what were dealing with exactly, so youd better fil the hypodermics with a variety of things. Be careful, she added.Elenas talk dropped open, and consequently, after a few seconds, she closed it firmly and nodded, wiping her cheeks with the backs of her hands. Meredith knew that her message mourn later, act now had been received and that Elena, as always, would work with her.Elena put the stave on her bed and found the box of poisons in Merediths desk. Meredith watched as Elena figured out how to fil the tiny hypodermics inset in the ironwood of the stave, her steady fingers pul ing them out and working them conservatively open. Once she was sure Elena knew what she was doing, Meredith went back to sharpening her knife.They must have come after Samantha on purpose. She wasnt a chance victim, Meredith said, her eyes on the knife as she move it rhythmical y against the whetstone. I think we need to assume that whoever this is knows were hunting him, and that therefore were in danger. She shuddered, remembering her friends body. Samanthas death was brutal.A car tried to run me and Damon down last night, Elena said. We had been trying to investigate something weird in the library, but I dont know if thats why. I couldnt get a look at the driver.Meredith gapd in her knife sharpening. I told you that Samantha and I chased away someone attacking a girl on campus, she said thoughtful y, but I didnt tel you one thing, because I wasnt sure. Im stil not sure. She told Elena about her impressions of the blac k-clad figure, including the momentary impression of paleness below the hoodie, of almost white hair.Elena frowned, her fingers faltering on the staff.Zander? she asked.They both looked at Bonnies unmade bed.She actual y likes him, Meredith said slowly. Wouldnt she know if there was something wrong with him? You know She made a vague gesture around her head, trying to indicate Bonnies history of visions.We cant bet on that, Elena said, frowning. And she doesnt remember the things she sees. I dont think hes right for Bonnie, she continued. Hes so I mean, hes good-looking, and friendly, but he seems off somehow, doesnt he? And his friends are jerks. I know its a long way from having terrible friends to being dangerous enough to do something like this, but I dont trust him.Can you ask Stefan to watch him? Meredith asked. I know youre taking a break from dating, but this is important, and a vampire would be the best one to keep an eye on him. Stefan looked so bad the other night, sh e thought distantly. Why shouldnt Elena cal him? Life was short. She felt the blade of the knife against her thumb again. Better. Putting the sharpened knife down, she reached for another.Elena wasnt answering, and Meredith looked up to see her staring hard at the stave, her rim trembling. I Stefan isnt talking to me, she said in a little burst. I dont think I dont know if hed help us. She closed her mouth firmly, clearly not wanting to talk about it.Oh, Meredith said. It was hard to imagine Stefan not doing what Elena wanted, but it was also clear that Elena didnt want to ask him. Should I cal Damon? she suggested reluctantly. The ripened vampire was a pain, and she didnt real y trust him, but he was certainly good at being sneaky.Elena sucked in a breath and then nodded briskly, her mouth set. No, Il cal him, she said. Il ask Damon to investigate Zander.Meredith sighed and leaned back against the wal , letting the knife drop onto her bed. Suddenly, she was terribly tired. Waiti ng for Samantha in the gym that morning seemed like a mil ion years ago, but it stil wasnt even lunchtime. She and Elena both looked at Bonnies bed again.We have to talk to her about Zander, dont we? Elena asked quietly. We have to ask her whether he was with her al last night. And we have to warn her. Meredith nodded and closed her eyes, letting her head rest against the coolness of the wal , then opened them again. Tired as she was, she knew the images of Samanthas death would come back to her if she let herself pause for even a moment. She didnt have time to rest, not while the kil er was out there. Shes not going to be happy about it.

Somaliland

SAHAL suffice INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDSomalia is located in the horn of Africa with boundaries to Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya. Somalias run full functional governing collapsed in 1991. Since then Somalia has been ruled by transitional governments backed by the United Nations and international unions and now the Somali national government.Somaliland north part of the Somalia declared itself as separate sovereignty in 1992, although thither is no unsophisticated still recognized its sovereignty, similarly, Puntland the north eastern regions of Somalia, completed the semi- autonomous administration called Puntland state of Somalia in 1998. afterward the collapse of central government of Somalia, monetary institutions destroyed, the central coast of Somalia was malfunctioning with no enough authority to argue the monetary system of the country.The countrys bullion management system became night mire, with no central management for the cash receipts of the country. The infla tion reached at its peak with 30,000 so.sh exchange to 1$ in 2008 and the management of cash to stockes and day to day transactions become too risky and costly.Somaliland launched new currency nones named Somaliland shillings in October 1994 to resolve financial disturbances from the rest of Somalia.In 2010 nomadic bills transfer has emerged in the horn of Africa country, Somalia the telecommunications companies operated in Somalia started the mobile currency transfer armed return, Golis Telecom Company, hormuud telecom and telesom confederation covering the tierce zones in Somalia namely Somaliland, puntland and south central somalia.Golis telecom covered mobile money transfer returns named SAHAL SERVICE in Puntland state, telesom guild covered Somaliland and called it ZAAD SERVICE and hormuud telecom covered south central Somalia named its servicing as EVC PLUS.The emergency of mobile margining in Somalia started a new era in the field of bank system in Somalia.This n ew system has solved a lot of financial constrains faced the avocation and commerce in Somalia and started improving transactions and cash security in the country.Sahal function which is the mobile money transfer offered by golis telecommunication company has been launched in 2009 in all over puntland. This overwhelms the major cities in puntland such as bosaso, garowe and galkacyo.The helping which is owned and offered by golis Telecommunication Company, the humongousst telecom company in the region, with more than 15000 active subscribers (2015) has been easily accepted by the familiarity which highly suffered the malfunction of monetary system in the country.Sahal service in puntland offer the community to the following servicesMoney transfer. wandering(a) paymentMobile banking and servicesMobile airtimeMobile subsidenceMoney transfer serviceSahal service offered customers to transfer money from one to another, they tush transfer from small fraction of amount ranging from 0.1$ to unlimited us dollars. Golis Company charged this service initially to small amount of which is as followsGolis later decided to keep all the services free of charge.This service works as follows the customer needs to locate his cash amount to his mobile recollect by visiting golis sales center. Later the customer can send the money back to other customers with sahal service where ever he is in Somalia.This service has largely been utilize by businesses and individuals for the transitions between the cities and regions and has been widely accepted by the community since it is cheaper than the normal remittances working in the region such as dahalshiil, amal or iftin.This is the graphical representation of how sahal service works Mobile payment (paybills) This is another service offered by the golis telecom companys SAHAL SERVICE.Mobile payment is also called merchant mo and is intended to replace cash transactions between businesses and people. Golis customer has to get merchant number from golis sales offices and it is partd for that business only, it cannot be delectationd someoneal. You can get merchant number only if you have a running business with a name and location. by and by you get merchant number, the customer will do payment through this merchant number. The merchant number does not charge the customers as well as the owners, it is free of charge. The merchant number is bounded by cities and regions and cannot cross across different cities.If you wish to send money from one city to another for purchases, merchant number will not help you and will not work for that purpose instead you have to use sahal money transfer service. Merchant number offered by golis telecom has helped businesses to run their business with or without cash transactions. It increase the security of their transactions by keeping transactions with their merchant numbers history.The merchant person will go to golis offices to get the transactions he made this yea r or this month or simply a specific customer. This has increased the reliability and confidence of the merchants and they are heavily relied on this service. This service has changed the dynamics of the business transactions in puntland and it fills the gap of securing business transactions and payments in which other than the government should have to deal with.On the other side, there is a widespread believe that sahal service dominated the cash transactions in the country and if this service goes as it is now for many years there is a possibility that it will degrade the cash system of the country hence it should be regulated and concretely managed by the concerned government agencies.Use of Paybills service from golis telecom is shown graphically below Mobile banking systemSahal service has an additional service called kaaftoon, this service connects your salaam bank account into your mobile with the help of sahal service.The customer who needs to use this service should first have sahal service enabled in his mobile phone, then your salaam bank account can be tailored to your sahal service simply by asking salaam bank offices to do so. After it is being opened, you will be able to dethronement and retrieve you money to your bank account.Similarly, you can send and retrieve money from the other salaam bank account anywhere in the country.Kaaftoon services become the biggest nightmare for other competitor banks. It helped salaam bank which is co-owned by golis telecom to enter market staggeringly and get a immense market share with the minimal amount of time. The community highly welcomed This service as it is a new service enabled with the latest technology and removed the constraint of lining up the bank offices to deposit or withdraw cash your account.The kaaftoon service works as follows the customer should deposit cash money to his sahal service by visiting golis sales offices and depositing money to them then they will credit your sahal service a ccount as per the requirement. Then wrong your phone you can deposit the amount required to your salaam bank account and send money to other salaam bank accounts if required.Similarly you can withdraw money deposited in your salaam account into your sahal service and use it. You really dont require visiting salaam bank office or cash machine machine to withdraw cash.The amount of money to withdraw or deposit using kaaftoon service is as follows you can withdraw or deposit minimum of 10$, it will not accept below 10$. But you can withdraw and deposit as much as you need.This gives the customers a huge flexibility of managing their transactions and business into their premises. Mobile airtime Mobile airtime is also another feature which allows customers to get golis airtime from their sahal service, this service give customers the ability to get airtime to their mobile phones by using their sahal service, similarly they are allowed to give airtime to their friends and any golis subs criber.Before sahal service come into existence, scratch cards, golis centers and agents used to give customers the airtime they need. Small amount of service tiptoe are charged to the customers by the agents. But when sahal service begin to work all airtime work has shifted to the sahal service.Still there are agents of airtime which help customers those do not have registered sahal service to get their required airtime but they use their agency within sahal service. Al though this shift of airtime paradigm lost jobs and services but the subscribers get the flexibility to manage their airtime.Mobile remittance (taaj service)The mobile remittance service or taaj service has been included sahal service package in the year 2015. Taaj is a subsidiary company of a sis companies named HTG (hormuud, telesom and golis) and formarly known as BARAKAAT REDSEA COMPANY.The company have been subsidized according to the locations and clan boundaries in Somalia. This gave birth to company of si ster companies of HTG group. Taaj remittance belongs to HTG and it is supported by all the mobile banking systems of these companies viz SAHAL, ZAAD and EVCPLUS services.Taaj Remittance Company has been introduced in the Somali market in the year 2012, and has gained a large market share immediately, compelling the competitor companies with large market share to enter into the telecommunications company.The gaint Somali remittance companies, dahalshiil group and amal bank both entered the telecom company by forming SOMTEL and AMTEL companies respectively.The main aim of creating SOMTEL and AMTEL by dahabshiil and amal companies is the risk they faced from such technology as taaj company with the help of mobile banking systems such sahal service.Somtel has been largely launched Somalia at large and has come with their mobile banking system named E-DAHAB.AMTEL Company has been launched in the year 2017 and it is still in its initial start up phases.Since the collapse of Somali governm ent in 1991, Somali community has largely become immigrant in almost all over the world. Somali communities in different parts of the world use to send money in their families back home.The banking system of the country collapsed and the transfer of money from abroad to the country become difficult and that time Somali remittance companies has emerged and take their role in transferring money between communities abroad and Somalis in Somalia.Coming back to sahal service package, taaj service is one of the services supported by sahal service, it supports both local and international money transfer and it works as follows The person should deposit the amount of money to send into his sahal service.By using his sahal service, person should follow procedure accordingly and provide all the required information as seen graphically below Challenges confronted sahal service in puntlandIntroducing sahal service into the market met challenges which include technology related issues, reliabili ty and money exchange business.We will address these three challenges below and how sahal service survived from these two challenges.Deficiency of sahal service technologyThe customer got caught by lack of knowledge from this new technology in which they obtain a huge risk of their money. They didnt have prior knowledge of such technology nor it is something they use to see.This makes the service rigid and decreases its reliability and flexibility. Golis telecom company which is the owner of sahal service started the service as follows the company run the service only to its employees initially, to check whether the service runs as planned and rectify errors if any.This initially run of the service lasts for three months in which they send employee salaries, bonuses etc to this service, then the company opened the service to its customers by place a lot of efforts to encourage customers the reliability, confidentiality and security of the service.They put a huge amount of marketin g money to introduce and convince the customers to the new service. Golis telecom ceremonious a huge lcd tvs to many of its centers explaining how to use the service from technology point of view. Similarly they put advertisement agencies such as TVs, radios and newspapers explaining the same. This helped customers to understand the service and use it. Leter, sahal service customers started to increase each month.Reliability of the serviceInutility, customers got suspicious about the reliability of the service, they didnt convince to put their money in mobile phone and let it go. They believed the possibility that the company may collapse, or they misuse their money. Similarly since there is no strong financial system in the country they feel keeping their money with them is best policy.Golis telecom survived this problem as follows first of all the service was not only run in golis telecom or in puntland but all across Somalia. ZAAD and EVC PLUS have been introduced in hargaisa an d Mogadishu respectively. The introduction of the similar service across the country convinced the customers that the service has its demands now and may be it is the time to keep your money in mobile phones.The other asset which helped the company to convince the customers is the customer loyalty to the company. The company has made a clean image from fraud and financial mismanagement during its existence and the customers feel it that way and it increased its reliability. Similarly golis telecom run a lot of sales offices to handle sahal service customer care and customer issues in which it poured a huge money to immediately retrieve customer money in cash in case needed.This step greatly influenced the mindset of the customers and increased their confidentiality since their money is available 24/7 in cash or in the mobile phone.Money exchange businessesMerchants from money exchanges business who do currency exchange from dollars to Somali shillings and vice versa saw sahal servic e as their biggest threat.These group of business people immediately felt that if this service runs successfully all those exchange businesses will not live peacefully side by side instead sahal service is the end money exchange business. This is true in a way that no one will need to go exchange business to do exchanges from dollar to Somali shillings and vice versa since sahal service will do this and many more services.These group have tried to ruin the service and in public misinform the community by spreading negative propaganda about the service and mostly aligning the service with financial fraud.Golis telecom company stuck to its plan of scrap and convincing the community the services offered by sahal service and its benefits.Their main defence strategy was security and convinced the community golis is the right place to secure their money instead of holding and incurring security costs similarly since there is no fully working financial banks both public and private there was a huge need of financial services which is better than the current unstructured financial systems and services. This is the place where sahal service got the attention of community as whole.

Null Hypothesis and Yellow Pages

There argon many reliable sources that are pronto addressable for researching topics, whether it is for personal or professional use. Two of these sources are k at a timen as the Internet and the Yellow Pages. Based upon the test performed, to determine if the Yellow Pages will run short obsolete in the near upcoming, the following information was found based on the possibleness and test results that start been recorded in the passage. There are many people who would prefer the use of the Internet to the Yellow Pages because of the convenience and not having to flip through pages to find what you are adverting for.The Yellow Pages have become a thing of the past and is quickly being replaced by new research methods individuals can access via the Internet. In the past twenty geezerhood the Internet has continued to grow into what we know today. In 1993 the first primitive search engine was released (Seymour, Frantsvog, & Kumar, 2011). Google became the prominent search engine a round 2000 by employ an algorithm to rank web pages the desirable pages would be linked more than others based on importance (Seymour, Frantsvog, & Kumar, 2011).With the growth of the Internet and the rise of technology, at that place has been an append in the number of professiones that use the Internet for marketing (Salehi, Mirzaei, Aghaei, &Abyari, 2012). Businesses use the Internet to increase their business and people have easy access to the Internet, which makes it convenient for shoppers online (Salehi, et al, 2012). Our police squad wanted to determine if the Yellow Pages or printed phone book was becoming obsolete.We believe that with the advancements of the Internet and with the increase of people having smart phones, which have the internet readily available at your fingertips, the phone book is no longer needed and will become an archaic form of obtaining business listings or shopping. To test and gauge our research issue, we utilise the five steps of hypothesis testing. In the first step we hypothesized that the Yellow Pages will become obsolete in the near future with the advances of technology such as the Internet. Our team formulated a null hypothesis, which states theYellow Pages will be proven as a viable research method. The bet on step was introduced to determine the characteristics of our comparison distri simplyion. We polled 84 people, asking each person two questions. The first question was, When looking for a business listing, do you look to the Internet/search engines or the Yellow Pages (hard copy)? and the second question was, If you are going to make a purchase, do you look in the phone book, Internet, or both? Of the individuals polled, 68 were women and 16 were men.There were two individuals who fell into the under 20 category, three in the 21 to 30 group, 17 in the 31 to 40 range, 18 in the 41 to 50 crowd, 38 in the 51 to 60 set, and 6 representatives of the 60 and over. Our results showed for the first question there were 14 individuals who answered they used the Yellow Pages and 74 who preferred to use the Internet. The second question only yielded five people who answered Yellow Pages while 83 indicated they used the Internet. We set a cutoff point of 50% or . 5 hypothesized means discrepancy of usage among all age groups.This cutoff point was used both as a first method of searching for a business as well as usage in general. The mean for Question 1 was dictated to be 3 and for Question 2 the mean was determined to be 13. The Z score for the combined questions was -3. 71. The Z score for the first tail or Question 1 was 1. 64 and the Z score for the second tail or Question 2 was 1. 96. From our research and the data collected, we found that the null hypothesis was rejected. The statistics clearly show that there is over the 50% or . 5 hypothesized means difference. The gap in the Z scores shows a 5. 35 difference for the first question and 5.37 for the second question. Through our research and statistics, we found the results to be opposite of our null hypothesis which is the basis for the rejection. With the rise of local search sites, kind media, and mobile directories, the physical Yellow Pages books delivered to consumers doors long a staple of local marketing are quickly becoming obsolete. According to data from the Local attempt Association, total consumer references to print directories declined from 12 billion in 2009 to 7. 4 billion in 2011, and have most likely declined even more since (Jones, 2013, para. 2).There might be some interesting news for local businesses that still use marketing strategies through the Yellow Pages. The Yellow Pages is now offering advice in areas such as SEO, online advertising, paid search, and the effects of an online reputation in the social media. Recent findings show that on average, consumers consult two to three sources of information when intending on making a purchase. These sources include the Yellow Pages, but most ly through search engines. The physically printed Yellow Page book may become a part of history, but it will be a while before it is completely obsolete.Today, Yellow Pages and search engines dominate the local search space among all media. Last year, 84% of people used a Yellow Pages product and 76% used a search engine to find a local business (Norton, 2011). With that said, there are some things to consider when utilizing the Yellow Pages to advertise your business, like reviewing your competitors ads, including a dedicated phone number, immediately creating a working system to track business leads, and including offers exclusively for ad respondents. The data and statistics we collected lead us to the results that the Yellow Pages will soon be outdated.While modern media like the Internet is on the rise, handed-down print media will be pushed off the market. The Yellow Pages have found a way to use this change in marketing as an advantage. They now use new modern media to adver tise their product as the Yellow Pages online. The Yellow Pages are a name and a brand that people trust, so the concept will never actually be outdated. While the Internet pushes traditional media out of business, like books, newspapers and other print media, those branches have found to be resourceful and will therefore always find a way to survive in todays ever-changing market.

CheckPoint: Conflict

Conflict is an inevitable part of life whether it is in relationships, socially, or between nations. Most meshings arise from differing points of view on actions or goals and how they are handled can lead to a ceasefire or the breakup of mavins relationships. Conflict resolution skills are needed when navigating the stormy waters of conflict. How one perceives the goals and intentions of others can lead to misconceptions. When an individual or group perceives anothers intentions are harmful conflict will arise. It is human nature to believe that ones group is different or repair than another group.Forming an in-group bias will lead one to look for evidence to support ones negative opinions of others. Stereotyping is often behind negative opinions and misconceptions that lead to conflicts. Perceptions are the way a person thinks or views another so, perceptions would factor greatly into conflicts. A negative mirror-image perception will cause one to oer exaggerate the differences o ften held by parties in conflict for example, each party may view itself as ethical and peaceable and the other as wicked and hostile.Viewing others in this light will lone(prenominal) inflame the controversy and lead to much conflict. Learning how to view conflict differently can take about peaceable solutions. Certain methods must be employed for reconciliation to occur. Exposure and close proximity will lead to learning more about the other person. A better understanding helps to protect closeness and common interest. If one is around someone regularly, one will learn how to get on with the other person.When parties whom are at odds with each other work together on a common goal, they each learn to develop comradeship. Cooperation can facilitate in conflict resolution as well. Communicating effectively in conflict is huge in learning to resolve issues and have reconciliation. Negotiations when resolving conflicts should include bargaining, mediation and coming to an unders tanding with each other. If you cannot communicate with someone properly, this will lead to more conflict.

Nat King Cole

David subgenus Chen MUEL 2752 Dr. Daniel Jones Pre-Rock Era Project Nat king wampum There is no questioning Nat fag boodles place as one of the most influential and most-valuable American normal actors in history. Although he was initially known as an innovative and acquisitioned turn in pianist, his singing allowed him to become exceedingly winning in the realm of hot music, more specifi call iny in the big band and bed genres. Nathaniel Adams gelts was natural in Montgomery, Alabama on March 17, 1919 (Ruhlmann par. 3). His family moved to Chicago in 1921, where he began to play the gentle at age four and took classical lessons at age 12 (Ruhlmann par. ). When he was 15, Cole dropped let out of high school in order to pursue a career as a make do pianist (Ruhlmann par. 4). In 1937, Cole formed the powerfulness Cole Trio and began doing live performances and occasional recordings for bitty labels as well as some radio work. After releasing successful singles such( prenominal) as That Aint Right and All for You, the mightiness Cole Trio was signed by Capitol Records in 1942 (Teachout par. 15). Cole began to utilize his voice change magnitudely, and critics began to notice the King Cole Trios increase tendency to emphasize popular music as early as 1945 (Teachout par. 0). In 1951, Cole officially disbanded the King Cole Trio and continued his successful career as more of a standup singer than as a pianist (Teachout par. 25). Cole continues to sell great quantities of music today. However, despite his popularity, Cole has ofttimes been the subject of criticism. Many criticize Nat King Cole for compromising his artistic integrity as a recognise musician in order to achieve commercial success. Some even consider his increasing popularity and shifting musical zeal to be betrayal (Ruhlmann par. 1).One article from NPR music argues that Coles singing clearly betrayed his jazz sensibilities, duration an otherwise even goes as far as to call Cole a failed jazzman (NPR par. 5, Teachout par. 5). Contrary to these critics, Nat King Coles transition from pure jazz into popular music except added to his greatness as a musician and as a liberal public figure. Cole still must be considered one of the most important and influential jazz musicians in American music history, and his conversion from pure jazz to the commercial realm of music in fact allowed him to break important racial oundaries in the world of popular culture. Despite accusations that his transition into popular music weakened his integrity as a musician and an artist, Nat King Cole left an indelible mark upon both jazz and popular music during his lifetime. Gunther Schuller, author of The Swing Era, remarks that Cole was not entirely one of the most outstanding jazz pianists of his day but stylistically one of the most forward-looking (Teachout par. 4). Many important jazz pianists were biasd by the piano playing of Cole, including Bill Evans, Oscar Peterson , and Hank Jones (Teachout par. 4).It is clear that while Cole is often known only as a popular singer, jazz musicians appreciate his tremendous skill and artistry as a jazz pianist. Nat King Coles influence upon jazz did not stop at his playing and improvisational skills. When invited to play at a Hollywood nightclub called the Swannee Inn, Cole headstrong not to use a drummer (Teachout par. 14). Inadvertently, Cole had utilized the jazz trio, a lineup that consisted only of a piano, guitar and bass. While Cole was not the firstborn to use this setup, jazz experts often argue that he was the first to fully grasp the musical possibilities of this unique instrumentation.According to Terry Teachout of American Scholar, most pianists in groups without drummers tended to overplay in order to fill the musical space and provide additional rhythm Cole, however, modify his playing and created a vernal type of jazz sound (Teachout par. 15, HOWZE par. 6). The King Cole Trios lineup was em ulated by numerous musicians, including Art Tatum, Oscar Peterson, Ahmad Jamal, Charles Brown, and Ray Charles, and, some assert, helped lead the way in atrophied band jazz (Ruhlmann par. ). Cole explored entirely new territory in jazz, surpassing the influence of other popular musicians of his time. Rather than watching inside the confines of jazz as the world knew it, Cole actually created new styles and novel ways of using old instruments, thus furthering the development of jazz as an art form. Nat King Coles conversion from pure jazz into popular music, while despised by some, actually increased his significance in popular culture and music.Coles status as a popular singer in fact allowed him to reach audiences and to break boundaries he could never soak up modest as a pure jazz musician. Starting in the 1930s, Coles piano style and jazz instrumentation defined the jazz-piano trio however, it was not until he began to sing that he became a finish and world-famous entertain er (HOWZE par. 1). Connaitre Miller, a fine arts professor at Howard University, notes that Cole was the first jazz singer promoted on television (Foster par. 6).It was mainly Coles popularity as a singer, and not as a jazz musician, that allowed him to be featured on television. If Cole had remained within the confines of instrumental jazz, he may have silenced jazz critics who accuse him of betraying jazz, but he also would not have been able to stagger his jazz-influenced singing to such a wide audience as the one afforded him by his television appearances. Nat King Coles popularity as a jazz singer even allowed him to challenge racial boundaries of his time.The King Cole Trio was, according to Terry Teachout, about as popular as a faint unit could be within the confines of jazz and show business, and broke through the concrete ceiling that unploughed most black musical acts from reaching the highest peaks of celebrity (Teachout par. 14). On November 5, 1956, The Nat King Cole Show debuted on NBC and became the first of its kind hosted by an African-American (Noble). On one notable occasion, Nat Cole was not allowed to stay at certain hotels or visit certain casinos in Las Vegas. all the sametually, Cole sought legal sue against those hotels and clubs, using his celebrity status to challenge Las Vegass intolerant system (HOWZE par. 6). While Coles status as a pure jazz musician may have been jeopardized by his transition into popular music, this very transition allowed him to effectively attack important racial issues, an undertaking he could not have dreamed of as a jazz musician with a much smaller following. Nat King Cole may be the perfect example of an artist turned popular entertainer. As a jazz musician, Cole was almost unparalleled.Nat King Cole was certainly considered by jazz fans, musicians, and critics to be a leading jazz pianist, and often played in regard jazz venues such as the first Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts (Murph par. 8). Fu rthermore, Cole all but pioneered the jazz trio, a lineup that was highly emulated and influential in the development of jazz, proving that he was not only a highly skilled and respected jazz musician, but also an innovative and original one. Later, as a popular singer, he gained a tremendous monetary and commercial success as well as a massive audience.Even though he lost the respect of certain jazz purists, he gained much more influence upon pop culture, and using this influence, Cole popularized and cemented jazzs influence on popular music while even addressing racial boundaries of his time. These accomplishments would have been much more difficult, or even impossible, to achieve if Cole had remained a pure jazz musician. In this sense, studying the career of Nat King Cole may yield important insights pertaining to the boundary betwixt classical and popular music.As a purely classical musician, a musician such as Nat King Cole may be much more respected within followers of that particular musical genre however, throughout history, musical figures who have crossed the line between classical, artistic music and popular music are much more memorable than those who do not. By entering popular culture, musicians are much more likely to have the ability to affect significant issues of the time. For example, Bono of U2 or Angelina Jolie possess a relatively great sphere of influence when it comes to political causes.If neither were as engrained in popular culture as they are, it would be safe to say that they would not bring as much attention to the issues they care about. By gaining popularity, prominent figures also gain influence within popular culture and maybe even on the course of history. Although sometimes criticized by jazz purists, Nat King Coles commercial success in fact allowed him to affect American popular culture in unprecedented ways and secured his status as one of the most important musicians of his time. Works Cited Foster, Shivonne. Coles Me mory, Legacy is Unforgettable. The Hilltop (2007). March 2010 http//www. thehilltoponline. com Howze, Margaret Jazz Profiles from NPR Nat King Cole the Pianist. NPR 2010. 9 March 2010 http//www. npr. org/programs/jazzprofiles Murph, John. Nat King Cole Getting their Kicks. Jazz TimesMay 2009. 9 March 2010 http//jazztimes. com Noble, Amy. The Story of Nat King Cole. March 1998. 9 March 2010 http//members. pcug. org. au Ruhlmann, William. Nat King Cole. All Music Guide 9 March 2010 http//www. pandora. com Teachout, Terry. Nat King Cole. American Scholar 61. 3 (1992) 437-443. 6 March 2010 http//web. ebscohost. com/

The Go Between and Spies

THE main CHARACTERS IN THE GO-BETWEEN AND SPIES ARE SOCIALLY OPRRESSED ARE SOCIALLY OPPRESSSED How far do you agree with this assertion? Social Oppression is a main theme explored through fall out the devil tragic novels, The Go-Between and Spies. passim the novels, L. P. Hartley and Michael Frayn success in full convey the idea, through the use of their main characters, the effects of social oppression and class divide. development gentlem whatever techniques they show how class and oppression had power everywhere the people of the Victorian era.And plain after contendd(prenominal) the turn of the century, People were in time trapped in the shadows of the past era. Both novels ar told as flashbacks victorious us through the lives of two main protagonists. The climax of twain novels lead to the death of two antheral characters due to oppression. This gives us the idea that men were under greater pressure from social oppression. Considering, Marian and Ted atomic numbe r 18 caught to mishandleher two bodies moving care one in the squalid out hall but to date still Ted takes his life. king of beasts, beacutely assured of social inferiority swings to the extreme opposite as he aspires to be a member of the hall. social lion, a foreigner in the world of emotions, a character so inventive and sensitive gets invited into the world of Brandham hall in the summer of 1900. With Marcus thinking he was like them from the sophisti drawed weighty of his home Court Place. He sees himself as lower class and a mere earthborn among gods and goddesses. He characterises the members of the hall as figures of the zodiac. Marian is the virgin of the zodiac pure and innocent. To him she is the key to the whole pattern, the climax, the coping-stone, the goddess. Heinsisted on thinking of them as angels no matter what because they belonged to the zodiac. social lion, aware of the social difference, feels like a misfit among these smart blue people. He is determ ined to maintain his class a secret up to now though Mrs Maudsley had the susceptibility to fix you like a pinned butterfly with her gaze. He overlooks the authentic care of his own mystify and comments that she would be socially unaccept open she would make a bloomer and prepares to bear the humiliation by himself. social lion beingness so juvenile, had no experience of the events and situation around them. This wish of familiarity and naivety makes him anomic in a sophisticated world of adults and he finds his way to destruction.Leo, with the weather defying him, after he learns from Marcus that single cads wear their school garments in the holidays. He starts to think of clothes as badges of social office and takes an offer from Marian to take him to Norwich tomorrow and get him a new outfit. This makes more highly aware of his social inferiority as he has solo fifteen shillings and eight pence half penny as she adds that doesnt matter, weve got some. This opens w ay for Marian to take advant come on of Leos malleability and he becomes Mercury for Ted and Marian as he gets involved with the extracurricular make out affair.Leo admits hes a super snob and this snobbish, naive and bigoted character failed to allow him realise the danger of his work until its rather too late and the harm is already done. He fails to realise what spooning is due to his wishing of knowledge he could only have the thought of Ted Burgees as her spooning explodener. He gets a green suit and a green bike as Marian mat up green is his true colour and is called a usurer. After all these he still fails to realise hes been mocked but rather still seeks for adventure thinking of himself as a figure of fun. The disastrous ending is caused by Leos naivety and lack of knowledge.He fails to realise the trauma happening around him until it leads to the death of Ted after the virgin and the water carrier are caught together two bodies moving like one. Unlike Leo, who Marcus his friend is nice too, Stephen suffers a worsened oppression as hes manipulated and pressured by his own friend his age Keith. desire Leo he feels like a misfit everywhere as he comments that he doesnt quite fit with the pigtailed Geest girls and the oil colour stained Avery boys, but he however still aspires to be part of the clan like Leo bus still acknowledges and accepts the fact that he never will.Unlike Leo, Stephens low class was know to everyone and he couldnt even dare to keep it a secret. He was the otherwise ranks and unlike Leo, although he felt the class difference he was still grateful to be so. He went to a different school completely from Keith with uniforms socially coded for ease of reference. He lived in a semi-detached house attached to the pinchers making the whole situation even more shameful. While his friend Keith lived in a house with white wicket gates with a neat red brick path that curves through rose beds.He felt like he wasnt even worthy of the Ha ywards as he says The Haywards were perfect and yet they tolerated him and Mrs Haywards incomprehensible niceness. Stephen like Leo, has the colour green associated with them as Stephen admits everything some me was manifestly green. Stephen didnt dare to go against Keiths orders as Keith was the leader and he was the led. Stephens scent of social inferiority to Keith allows Keith to dominate and intimidate Keiths life as Stephen sees Keith as the first in a whole serial publication of dominant figures whose disciple I became.Stephen sees himself as the undersized boy with the teapot ears adjacent his powerful friend open mouthed and credulous. Stephen is much more different from Leo as he doesnt hide who he is and isnt ashamed of who he is. Both boys however are associated with symbols. Stephen is associated with the Privet as Leo is associated with Mercury. Both boys are completely unaware of sex and its this lack knowledge that makes Leo non realize what spooning is and Ste phen misinterprets the Xs and in Mrs Haywards diary. Both boys become messengers for illicit love affairs and dont realise what theyre been used for. be naive and snobbish like Leo, Keith fails to realize the humans descent between Uncle slit and Mrs Hayward. He doesnt realize why a man will be in the barns. This naivety prevents him from realising Mrs Hayward may have gone into the barns even as he says theres only one way to go and thats left(a), if you go right it leads to the tracks. He doesnt think Mrs Hayward for one minute will go into the tracks. When they realize Mrs Hayward might have go into a house in the lanes, he says they couldnt pursue their project Germans we might be able to deal with, these people we certainly quartert.He didnt realise he was German and even detested the thought a German as it was during the war time and being German in Britain at that point would be a sign of betrayal and a huge deal. Both boys intemperately affected by class, and sexual awakening lead them to events that affect them throughout their lives and see the need to even out their past with their future as Leo says the facts of life were a mystery story to me. Their lack of knowledge deposet be totally blamed on them but rather the times and conditions they lived in.They lived in a society where even girls could grow into women and not know where children were given birth to from or know what awaited them on their nuptials night. Children were forbidden to know nor talk about Sex. They were not allowed to know a lot of things. It was like a society with an adult world and a childrens one because knowledge in the society then, was a package unite with loss of innocence. Just like Stephen begins to know more and starts seeing the path ahead as darker tunnels and no longer remote blue horizons.However, this lack of knowledge leaves both boys lives in a complete rupture especially that of Leo. The Climax of the novel, leaves Leo like a train going through a series of tunnels sometimes in the dark not knowing. He lives with himself thinking he was responsible for the death of Ted Burgees as he comments that the tidings of Teds suicide came to me voicelessly as he preoccupied him. He lives thinking in destroying the belladonna he had besides destroyed Ted and perhaps destroyed himself. He was left a lonely man sitting alone in a drab flowerless room.While Stefan was left with a marriage that was never quite a real marriage. With worse troubles than anyones ever had before. He thinks he was responsible for the death of Uncle peter as he struggles to figure out where he belonged. Hartley used the social structure of his main protagonist Leo, who admits that he had destroyed Ted as a vehicle for expressing the power of the class structure over the societys actions with Ted serving as the scape goat barb himself after the findings of Mrs Maudsley in the outhouses to avoid the societal disgrace and spare Marian the embarrassment.Ted was loaded by his lack of social status as Denys doesnt fail to say we dont know him socially of course and his lack of capital as he rents his land from Lord Trimingham. Hartley makes reference to the class kitchen stove in the society using the multiform sub-textual elements of the interaction between the main characters especially with he relationship between Marian Maudsley and Ted Burges . Marian states that Ted and I were lovers their love was a beautiful thing but yet they couldnt be together due to the distinction in their social class and her expectations to sweep up an aristocrat.The villagers honor them and feel if it wasnt for the difference what a handsome pair theyll make. Ted Burgees isnt ashamed to furcate anyone about his low class as he admits to Leo Im a chassis friend of hers but doesnt hesitate to say but not the sort she goes about with. However, he feels insecure about it and looks at himself critically all over and even Leo notices that the more clothes he put on, the less he looked himself. Ted seemed to have been a comfortable man before any illicit love affair with Marian as the villagers see his change as a emergent one and ask whats come over Ted? To be shy with ladies? This implies he was a dames man and was content with his farm life as he admits Im not what you call a gentle-man farmer. Trimingham, on the other hand, was a Lord whose clothes, unlike Teds, seem to be a part of him. Hes an aristocrat and a gentle-man who teaches Leo nothing is ever a ladys fault. Unlike Ted, he had an ambiguous social position as he was penniless yet his aristocracy strengthened his social status and was seen as an emblem of the golden age.Trimingham however, despite all these odds, was oppressed by his lack of money and the defects of his face from the Boer war. He was awful ugly and we learn from Marcus that he doesnt like you to feel sorry for him. Hartley contrasts his hideous sick wrought scar that ran from his eye to the corner of h is mouth with the image of war making him a hero with a background of the hospital and battlefield. Trimingham is the gentle, chivalrous representative of a dying tradition, bearing the scars of an impersonal war.A complex symbol, he is two-sided, like Janus, like the war, conflict and suffering for which in some ways he standsentities which can be evil, the case of passion and pride and the fear of losing face, but which can also be good, the nurturer of strength, humility, self-discipline, compassion, the gaiety having the background of hospital and battle-field. Hugh is two-sided like the traditions of the British nobility, like the blind-in-one-eye chivalry which insists that nothing can ever be a ladys fault, like the patriotism which sends soldiers off to kill the Boer, whos not a bad feller but who happens to be the present target.When Leo first sees Trimingham he immediately concludes itll be impossible to like him and so doesnt expect Marian to marry him after he learns fr om Marcus that Mama wants Marian to marry him. His lack of money makes him still go forward to marry Marian even after the virgin and the water-carrier are caught together, two bodies moving like one. Marian still becomes Lady Trimingham. He was so deeply oppressed that even Leo comments that His life could never have been a good life.He was a respectable man from a family of aristocracy, yet had no money pushing him to still marry a woman who had become a figure of shame to get himself some money. Also because of his strong belief that nothing was ever a ladys fault Uncle ray on the other hand, whos very absence, was a kind of presence was a man with no status in the society living beyond the edges of civilisation but his presence lied in the glory of Uncle Peter a RAF pilot meant to be flying bombing missions over Germany.War plays a role in both novels as Frayn and Hartley use Uncle Peter and Trimingham to further show the effects of war on societal men. In Uncle Peters case how ever, it led to his destruction and the end of his life. It was his major source of oppression as he now had to live in the lowest of the lowest, the Barns. Unlike Trimingham whos still fully revere and idealised even much more after the war, we cant say the same(p) about Uncle Peter.Indeed he was idolised and his iconic status still remains with Auntie Dee, as Stephen tells us the messiness of their house glowed with a kind of sacred light, like a saint and his attributes in a phantasmal painting. This image is a different man from the man in the barns who is now that low in the table of human precedence. This painting is nothing close to that of war hero. As the narrator unveils the mystery we find out he has betrayed his country, decrepit his duties under the claim youre up there in the darkness five hundred miles away from home and suddenly the darkness is in you as rise.The man at the Barns and Uncle Peter are two different beings. One is a desperate, sick broken, deserted individual and the other whose bird of Jove on his hat spreading its gilt wings protectively over the children of the Close. Should Uncle Peter have tried to rejoin the society, he would have brought shame and disgrace upon his family as Uncle Peters iconic status was what reflected on Auntie Dee as even their untidy house glowed with a kind of panicked light, like a saint and his attributes in a religious painting. He is oppressed by the war effects and love as Trimingham and Ted.In his own case, he has married the wrong sister and at the same time gone from being a hero, to a man that low in the table of human precedence. He has nothing to offer the woman he loves like Ted who has nothing to offer Marian other than love. He has but a map with the one word Forever. He lives with images of the war fully fresh in his head saying you cant think, you cant move, Everythings drowned by this great scream of terror in the darkness as he struggles to close his mind to the memory by using s econd person, refusing to acknowledge them as his own experience.Like Leo is traumatised by the death of Ted, as he claims the tidings of Teds suicide came to me voicelessly, and haunted me, Uncle Peter lives with the trauma of the war and describes it as blood-red velvet in the crown above the eagle. He describes his plight and says it gets a bit leak, lying here and likens himself to a dicky engine. Uncle Peter deeply oppressed by the war, explains his plight to Stephen saying you start playing some game, and youre the chivalrous one, youre the great hero,But the games goes on and on, and it gets more and frightening and unfortunately for Uncle Peter the end result is death.His death remains ambiguous as we cant ascertain if he killed himself like Ted, or if he was killed or perhaps had an accident. Marian Maudsley a beautiful godess from Brandham hall an upper middle classed family in late-Victorian England with her hair bright with sunshine and pale rose-pink face. She has so m any social expectations from both her family and the society. Best of all shes judge to make a good marriage. It was like she was the climax, the key to the whole pattern. She was in the middle of a cross battle with her emotions.Torn between the man she must(prenominal) marry to give her and her family the aristocracy they desire and the man who she shared a beautiful thing and believed were do for each other. Marian was tough like her generate as they were like two steel threads crossing each other, but her face reflected all the misery she had been going through. She was oppressed by her social class and expectations, her Love for Ted and like her mother, shes expected to be a good hostess, moral, and keep her emotions and family under control by marrying Trimingham.However, Marian is a very deceptive character as she lies to her mother on her seeing someone in Norwich as she hurriedly said Not a cat we were with child(p) at it all the time. She also thinks she can marry Tr imingham and carry on with her affair with Ted. Being the virgin of the zodiac, associated with the Attropa Belladonna. She was a beautiful creature yet poisonous. So was the Attropa Belladonna as leo says I knew that every part of it was poisonous, but I knew that it was beautiful. Marian was a cruel and heartless character to an extent.She was a snob as Leo towards Trimingham on several occasions. She knew fully well there was no future for her and Ted and is fully aware she must marry Trimingham. She says to Leo I cant when Leo asks her why she cant marry Ted and admits to him that She must marry Trimingham. Shes a selfish character, as Ted has scarified all he has for her, he rents his farm from Trimingham and knows he can liberal it and is willing to take that risk. She however, takes no serios risk as she has her eyes set on aristocracy.She lures him into deceit which leaves the materialisation man dead and she ends up as Lady Trimingham. She uses Leo as the Go-Between betw een her and Ted and still calls the young boy names like shylock, she tells her brother Marcus that green is a suitable color for Leo. She takes advantage of the love Trimingham has for her as she threatens that she wont marry him if Ted goes and is willing to go as far as saying that Blackmails a game two can play at. Marian sees Teds suicide as weakness and tells Leo Ted is as weak as water.Marian is sometimes nice to Leo, ut however, all her niceness towards him always had a theme behind it. She takes him to Norwich so she can get the chance to see Ted, she buys him a bicycle to make the heart and soul delivery faster between her and Ted. However, it could be argued that it was all out of frustration. Her eyes showed that she couldnt trust herself to speak, and had a hard bed to lay on. Marian Maudsley was the climax of the whole story. She was responsible for Teds death and the calamity that befell Leo. She was still selfish even at old age not to admit to her faults.She conti nued to live in her self-deception and somehow made herself believe she was still a popular important figure in the hall telling Leo People come in shoals I almost have to turn them from the door Everyone knows about me. Her grandson is left to suffer the consequences of her actions. Michael Frayn uses imagery, metaphor, and irony to present Mrs. Hayward in different ways. Through these techniques, Frayn dramatically and beautifully contrasts Mrs. Haywards calm, composed bearing at the start of the novel with her serious, emotionally distraught side. Mrs.Hayward who is introduced with the six letters My mother is a German Spy, a character of grace and serenity always cheerful. Shes presented as an elegant and respectable character like Mrs. Maudsley and Marian who are under pressure but cant show it. She was almost a perfect being to the extent that even her chickens lived irreproachably elegant lives, parading haughtily about a spacious kingdom. However, Mrs. Hayward was oppressed by her social expectations to always keep a high chin and her house in order and It becomes part of her to conceal her true nature . Also by her husband Mr.Hayward whose character is a bully inflicting pain on his wife that even in the heat of summer she still wears a cravat pinned high around her neck. It can be argued she did this to hide the bruises inflicted on her by her violent husband Mrs. Hayward cant leave her marriage because once she got married to mr. Hayward, being in that period, all her rights , properties and even her identity ceased to exist. By law she was under the complete and total control of her husband. Mr. Hayward carefully watches is wife and this is why she has to send Stephen to carry a message to Uncle Peter.A woman was Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage. She keeps a diary with Xs and s representing her period and sex life. We know she has a distant relationship with her husband, and seems vaguely scared of him, so who shes having sex with is untold. Later on, we see she has Uncle Peter in her bosom perhaps the Xs indicated his reciprocated love. Like Marian, she cant be with the man she loves.